python相关

通过apt安装高版本python3及pip3（推荐）

添加ppa

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa

更新缓存

sudo apt update

安装python3

sudo apt install python3.11

安装pip3

sudo apt install python3-pip

设置pip镜像源

临时

pip3 install 包名 -i 镜像源地址

永久

pip3 config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

常见镜像源

http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/

http://pypi.douban.com/simple/

https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/

http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/

如果系统内初始没有python3，可直接使用，如果需要更换python版本，需要修改/usr/bin/python3软链接路径，解决办法见文末

编译安装

先安装依赖

sudo apt install make libssl-dev unzip libreadline-dev libgdbm-dev libffi-dev liblzma-dev libsqlite3-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev openssl zlib1g zlib1g-dev libffi-dev build-essential

下载源码

python源码仓库

https//www.python.org/ftp/python/

选择需要安装的版本（以3.12.1为例）

wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.1/Python-3.12.1.tgz

解压源码

tar -zxvf Python-3.12.1.tgz

初始化

cd Python-3.12.1
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 --enable-shared

其中prefix参数设置安装位置，可根据实际情况更改

开始编译

make -j$(nproc)

安装

sudo make install

软链接到默认python3

使用which可以看到默认的python3/pip3位于/usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/pip3

hu@redmi2:~$ which python3
/usr/bin/python3
hu@redmi2:~$ which pip3
/usr/bin/pip3

使用find命令查找新安装的python位置

hu@redmi2:~$ sudo find / -name python3.12
[sudo] hu 的密码：
/home/hu/.local/lib/python3.12
/usr/local/python3/lib/python3.12
/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.12
/usr/local/python3/include/python3.12

显然，在/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.12 也就是安装时选择的位置

查看/usr/local/python3/bin 可以看出，对应的pip3也在其中

hu@redmi2:~$ ls /usr/local/python3/bin
2to3  2to3-3.12  idle3  idle3.12  pip3  pip3.12  pydoc3  pydoc3.12  python3  python3.12  python3.12-config  python3-config

删除默认python的软链接

sudo rm /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/pip3

建立新的软链接

ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3 /usr/bin/pip3

验证

hu@redmi2:~$ python3 -V
Python 3.12.1
hu@redmi2:~$ pip3 -V
pip 23.2.1 from /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip (python 3.12)

可能遇到的问题

添加共享库

hu@redmi2:~/Python-3.12.1$ /usr/local/python3/bin/python3 -V
/usr/local/python3/bin/python3: error while loading shared libraries: libpython3.12.so.1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

询问GPT知，缺少共享库，将python3.12的共享库放入环境变量文件~/.bashrc中即可

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/python3/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

去除pip警告

pip安装包时提示建议使用虚拟环境

hu@hu:~$ pip3 install numpy                                       
error: externally-managed-environment

× This environment is externally managed
╰─> To install Python packages system-wide, try apt install
    python3-xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian-packaged Python package,
    create a virtual environment using python3 -m venv path/to/venv.
    Then use path/to/venv/bin/python and path/to/venv/bin/pip. Make
    sure you have python3-full installed.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian packaged Python application,
    it may be easiest to use pipx install xyz, which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. Make sure you have pipx installed.
    
    See /usr/share/doc/python3.11/README.venv for more information.

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

可以直接删除警告

sudo mv /usr/lib/python3.x/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED /usr/lib/python3.x/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED.bk

3.x换成正在使用的python版本

也可以按照提示安装pipx代替pip

sudo apt install pipx

之后添加到环境变量中pipx ensurepath